Comenzó la primavera en el Hemisferio Sur, los días se van alargando y comienza el rebrote, iniciando un nuevo ciclo de crecimiento de pastizales y pasturas. Estamos tan acostumbrados a que esto suceda que a menudo se nos escapa su significado, sus detalles y su importancia. La primavera es un momento clave para muchos procesos que tienen que ver con la salud y la productividad de las pasturas templadas.
· Se produce el crecimiento más rápido de biomasa aérea y radicular, en muchos casos representando el 70-80% del crecimiento total del año. Esto implica que es en primavera cuando se produce el principal aporte de carbono, que representa la entrada de energía al ecosistema, que luego se distribuye durante el resto del año.
· Se podría decir que buena parte de la biología del suelo (la actividad de los distintos organismos mutualistas, descomponedores y predadores) depende de la calidad de la primavera.
· Se producen semillas reponiendo el banco de semillas.
· Se instalan nuevas plántulas, generando cambios botánicos cuya dirección dependerá del manejo. En primavera temprana, con humedad y temperatura, se produce la oportunidad de cubrir espacios vacíos, sea porque hay suelo desnudo o nichos pobremente ocupados.
Todas las personas saben de la importancia de las lluvias en el resultado de la primavera. Los años llovedores provocan una explosión de pasto, una sensación de “Naturaleza en júbilo”; mientras que los años secos generan primaveras modestas, a tal punto que en algunos casos en zonas áridas, la sensación de que nada ha sucedido. Sin su recarga natural, el sistema entra en crisis. Por ello los años secos son tema de preocupación por sus efectos sobre la producción animal, los costos y finalmente sobre el ánimo del productor. El cambio climático está aumentando la frecuencia y la intensidad de las sequías, haciendo que esta preocupación deje de aparecer como excepción, sino para instalarse como una nueva regla.
Mucho menos común es la percepción de la importancia de las decisiones de manejo sobre el grado de expresión de la primavera. El manejo del pastoreo tiene la potencialidad de amplificar el efecto de la primavera o suprimirla. La supresión frecuente de la primavera debido a manejo inadecuado tiene efectos acumulativos, de largo plazo, que en resumen conducen a la degradación o desertificación de tierras. Las decisiones que se toman en esta época (fines del invierno, inicio de primavera) pueden ser mas o menos conscientes.
Analicemos entonces los efectos de distintas formas de manejo en el corto y largo plazo:
Pastoreo continuo a carga alta
Efecto en el corto plazo
Cuando las pasturas tienen altas cargas primaverales en forma continua la mayoría de las plantas son consumidas cada vez que intentan levantarse del piso. Las plántulas son eliminadas. La fotosíntesis se ve reducida por la escasez del área foliar, dado que el pastizal se mantiene permanentemente entre bajo (15 cm) y “cancha de golf” (3 cm). Aunque estos campos puedan verse “verdes” en primavera, nunca alcanzan el área foliar donde la tasa de fotosíntesis es máxima. La producción de biomasa es una fracción del potencial. Consecuentemente, se afecta la cantidad y profundidad de las raíces, ya que la planta está permanentemente asignando recursos a tratar de rebrotar. La “bomba de carbono” no se carga nunca y se descarga en pequeños pulsos de carbono. La actividad de las micorrizas y bacterias mutualistas está limitada por la escasez de hidratos de carbono. La compactación del suelo afecta la infiltración del agua de lluvia y también la aireación del suelo.
Efecto en el largo plazo
La repetición de este manejo provoca la degradación y desertificación del ambiente. En zonas áridas, puede generar mucho suelo desnudo y erosión acelerada. La función hídrica se altera por aumento del escurrimiento y la evaporación. De la lluvia disponible, sólo se aprovecha una pequeña fracción. Este manejo “agrava las sequías”, ya que más del 70% del agua recibida puede salir del predio en cuestión de horas. El carbono en suelo tiende a disminuir. Los suelos ofrecen cada vez menos nutrientes por estar afectada la actividad de los microbios que los proveen. La producción de forraje es mínima. Se producen cambios botánicos (transiciones) indeseables: se pierden las especies preferidas y se generan oportunidades (nichos) para especies indeseables, a menudo arbustivas /espinosas.
Este manejo suprime la primavera, la reduce a la mínima expresión.
Pastoreo continuo a carga moderada
Durante décadas hemos creído que el problema de la degradación de tierras se resolvía adecuando el número de animales (carga animal) a la capacidad del predio, sin cuestionar el pastoreo continuo. Si bien es cierto que a menor carga la velocidad de la degradación se reduce, este procedimiento fue inefectivo para regenerar tierras en la mayor parte de los ambientes áridos de Patagonia, y genera otros efectos indeseables en los ambientes más productivos.
Efecto en el corto plazo
Al asignar un número moderado de animales por un largo período, la selectividad de los animales comienza a jugar un rol preponderante. Los animales prefieren determinadas especies y muchas veces, ciertas plantas de la misma especie. Cuando una planta está recuperándose del pastoreo se presenta mas verde y fresca que la que no fue pastoreada, lo que hace que los animales vuelvan a seleccionarla. Por otra parte, plantas que no son pastoreadas comienzan a acumular hojas y tallos viejos, volviéndose mas y mas impalatables. Este patrón se denomina “descanso parcial” y tiende a reforzarse con el tiempo. La carga animal determinará la proporción relativa de plantas sobrepastoreadas y sobredescansadas. Muy pocas plantas tendrán un tiempo de recuperación adecuado. La fotosíntesis es mayor que en la carga alta, porque el área foliar es mayor, pero siempre inferior al potencial. Si las plantas son rechazadas durante mucho tiempo, la fotosíntesis bajará más aún, debido al efecto de sombreo de las hojas senescentes y la falta de luz a nivel de las yemas de los macollos. Los organismos mutualistas del suelo tendrán una situación lejana al óptimo, porque tanto las plantas sobrepastoreadas como las envejecidas les aportan menos carbohidratos para su desarrollo.
En la Patagonia el descanso parcial es predominante. Los ovinos eligen los pastos cortos y algunos arbustos sobrepastoreándolos intensamente, mientras que rechazan los coirones y otras especies de arbustos. Es común ver las Poas con el centro muerto, descalzadas, sin reproducción al lado de coirones grises, con el centro muerto, agonizando de exceso de descanso.
En pastizales mas productivos, el descanso parcial genera pajonales, es decir estructuras de pajas altas envejecidas combinadas con céspedes bajos sobrepastoreados. La solución más utilizada para romper este patrón es el fuego. Miles de hectáreas se queman cada año para hacer el trabajo que deberían hacer los herbívoros. Toneladas de carbono vuelven al aire en una oxidación rápida, mientras el ecosistema se va simplificando y es dominado por especies adaptadas, a menudo impalatables.
Efecto en el largo plazo
El efecto acumulativo de un patrón de descanso parcial puede tardar en manifestarse. Una reducción de carga animal produce una respuesta inicial positiva en el pastizal, si este viene de cargas altas. Pero a medida que se repite el sobrepastoreo combinado con sobredescanso el efecto pasa a ser negativo, especialmente en los lugares más áridos.
En la mayor parte de la Patagonia cada vez que hay sequía se mueren plantas que fueron sobrepastoreadas, las que no se recuperan fácilmente debido a la escasez de oportunidades climáticas y a la presencia permanente de animales. Mientras tanto los coirones se vuelven decadentes, con pocas hojas verdes perdidas entre el gris de materiales antiguos en oxidación.
En algunos lugares el descanso parcial es una invitación al ingreso de leñosas, que aprovechan tanto los espacios de plantas sobredescansadas como los de las plantas sobrepastoreadas. Cuando esto sucede, es frecuente que se destine tiempo y dinero para tratar de controlar estos síntomas de manejo inadecuado.
Descanso parcial en ambiente subtropical
Descanso parcial en Patagonia
Rotación acelerada
El sobrepastoreo se define como toda defoliación que sucede antes de que una planta se haya recuperado del pastoreo anterior. El pastoreo continuo siempre provoca el sobrepastoreo de una proporción de plantas, que será mas alta cuanto mayor sea la carga animal.
Que el pastoreo sea rotativo no garantiza la eliminación del sobrepastoreo. Como demuestra ampliamente la bibliografía, muchos manejos rotativos no difieren del pastoreo continuo en términos de regeneración. La clave reside en los tiempos de recuperación que se utilicen. Si la rotación va más rápido que la capacidad de recuperación de las plantas, se produce sobrepastoreo. A diferencia del sobrepastoreo aleatorio que producen los animales pastoreando en forma continua, la rotación acelerada genera lo que podríamos llamar “sobrepastoreo organizado”.
Si además de esto el crecimiento es lento, y comenzamos a adelantar los pastoreos, dejando atrás potreros pelados, se produce lo que André Voisin llamaba “aceleración fuera de término”. Procedimiento muy efectivo para suprimir primaveras.
Cuando la rotación se realiza con un tiempo fijo durante toda la estación de crecimiento, es común que el tiempo sea adecuado para la primavera y corto durante el verano-otoño. Allí tendremos una primavera adecuada, pero problemas visibles antes de la llegada del invierno, por el sobrepastoreo estivo-otoñal.
En pastizales y pasturas diversas, muchas veces los tiempos de recuperación se definen de acuerdo a especies dominantes y de alta resistencia al pastoreo (por ejemplo festuca o alfalfa). Manejando para la especie mas resistente, terminamos sobrepastoreando y eliminando a otras especies que requieren tiempos de recuperación más largos. Es por ello que los tiempos de recuperación se deben calcular para las especies deseables mas susceptibles, si se quiere mantener alta biodiversidad.
Efecto en el corto plazo
Mejor que el pastoreo continuo a carga alta, pero con síntomas similares. Fotosíntesis reducida, compactación y escurrimiento aumentado, sistemas radiculares debilitados, pocos aportes de biomasa y mantillo al suelo y sobrepastoreo de la mayoría de las especies.
Efecto en el largo plazo
A largo plazo, pérdida de biodiversidad, baja tasa de secuestro de carbono o eventual caída, menor resiliencia frente a las sequías.
Rotación acelerada
Pastoreo planificado
Llamamos pastoreo planificado a la toma de decisiones para poner los animales en el lugar correcto, durante el tiempo correcto y por las razones correctas. El Manejo Holístico provee una metodología replicable para planificar el pastoreo. Se basa en combinar eventos de pastoreo (de la menor duración posible y la mayor densidad animal posible) con descansos cuya duración se adecúa a la velocidad de crecimiento de las especies más susceptibles y que varía entre la primavera y el verano-otoño. Se realizan dos planificaciones al año con el equipo de trabajo, sobre una planilla de papel y con un “ayuda memoria” que sirve para mantener siempre la misma secuencia de pasos. Al comienzo de la primavera, la planificación apunta a obtener la máxima respuesta del ecosistema, considerando al mismo tiempo la complejidad de los sistemas ganaderos. Es un día cada seis meses, en donde lo más importante es darse tiempo para conversar y pensar juntos como mejorar el manejo.
Después de 14 años de experiencia en Sudamérica, no hay un sólo registro en donde el campo no haya mostrado síntomas de regeneración.
Efecto en el corto plazo:
A medida que avanza la primavera, los descansos permiten la acumulación de hojas verdes, alcanzando altas tasas de fotosíntesis. Simétricamente aumenta la biomasa radicular en profundidad y densidad. Las plantas alcanzan un desarrollo cercano a su potencial genético. Luego se produce la floración y producción de semillas. En lugares más húmedos la velocidad de la rotación está diseñada para que el pastoreo suprima ápices reproductivos para mantener la pastura en un estado vegetativo. Sin embargo, en una vuelta rápida hay muchas plantas y especies que escapan al pastoreo y producen semillas.
En la Patagonia los descansos brindan no solamente la oportunidad de recuperar el vigor de las plantas preferidas, sino que se produce reclutamiento de nuevas plantas, con aumento de la cobertura del suelo. Basta con ver la densidad de pastos que se ve en las banquinas de las rutas para comprender el potencial de áreas que hoy se ven devastadas.
Cada evento de pastoreo genera un aporte significativo de carbono al suelo, en forma de reciclaje de raíces, aumento de los exudados radiculares, bosta, orina y mantillo. Los organismos de suelo, tanto mutualistas como descomponedores, reciben un tratamiento óptimo proveyendo fertilidad natural a las plantas. El desarrollo de micorrizas es máximo.
Las plantas más palatables y vulnerables al pastoreo tienen oportunidad de recuperar vigor y reproducirse.
La producción de forraje es 2 a 4 veces mayor que con pastoreo continuo al tercer o cuarto año, dependiendo del ambiente.
Efecto en el largo plazo:
La mayor actividad de micorrizas afecta la estructura del suelo, generando macro agregados de estructura granular- migajosa. Aumenta la porosidad, la aireación y la tasa de infiltración. El agua de lluvia infiltra rápidamente y se retiene en el suelo. La lluvia se aprovecha.
Se producen transiciones deseables, como el aumento de los pastos y hierbas perennes palatables, el pastizal “se cierra” y retrasa o anula el ingreso de leñosas y otras especies indeseables. El pastizal gana en biodiversidad y resiliencia.
En la Patagonia es la única estrategia que produce regeneración en todos sus ambientes.
Las tasas de secuestro de carbono son máximas para cada ambiente.
Pastoreo planificado: dejando trabajar a la Naturaleza.
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