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El Hombre Araña y los herbicidas

 Desde su aparición hace casi 380 millones de años, las arañas representan uno de los grupos de animales terrestres más diversos sobre la tierra, lo que se refleja en su amplia variedad de formas, tamaños y colores. Abarcan casi todos los ecosistemas, desde bosques tropicales de tierras bajas hasta bosques fríos en las montañas, zonas secas y desiertos.
Teniendo en cuenta que la mayoría de las especies de arañas se alimentan de muchos tipos de insectos, ellas desempeñan un papel clave como controladoras naturales de plagas y de vectores de enfermedades. Por lo anterior, las arañas contribuyen al mantenimiento del delicado equilibrio de los ecosistemas naturales y de aquellos derivados de la actividad humana, en particular de los cultivos, de los cuales dependemos para nuestra alimentación.
Las prácticas convencionales, empleadas habitualmente en los cultivos, pueden interferir con los servicios ecosistémicos que nos aportan las arañas. Una de las prácticas más letales para las arañas es el uso excesivo de agroquímicos ya que, si no las mata, muchas de las sustancias químicas usadas pueden modificar su comportamiento y su capacidad de reproducción (Pekár, 2012). A pesar de que el uso de agroquímicos en los cultivos no tiene como finalidad reducir las poblaciones de arañas, el desconocimiento sobre sus efectos secundarios los convierte en una práctica que genera efectos negativos sobre este grupo de depredadores inmersos en los agroecosistemas.
En relación con lo anterior, estudios recientes en América Latina demuestran que los agroquímicos pueden modificar las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la seda que producen las arañas (Benamú et al., 2017b) y la construcción de sus telarañas (Benamú et al., 2010). Adicionalmente, otros estudios realizados en esta misma región indican que los agroquímicos como el glifosato (un agroquímico de uso común) pueden reducir la capacidad y la efectividad de las arañas para consumir presas en un determinado tiempo debido a que genera un efecto irritante en ellas (Lacava et al., 2021).

Efectos del herbicida glifosato sobre los atributos biológicos de Alpaida veniliae (Araneae, Araneidae), en laboratorio

En las últimas décadas ha aumentado el interés por el estudio de los artrópodos depredadores como potenciales enemigos naturales eficaces para ser utilizados en el control biológico de plagas agrícolas.
Hoy en día se reconocen los efectos sobre la fisiología, el comportamiento y los rasgos del ciclo vital de los artrópodos como puntos finales en las evaluaciones ecotoxicológicas. En los cultivos de soja transgénica de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina), Alpaida veniliae (Araneae, Araneidae) es una de las arañas tejedoras de telas de araña más abundantes. El propósito del estudio fue abordar los efectos del glifosato sobre algunos atributos biológicos de A. veniliae, en laboratorio. Los resultados de este estudio no mostraron efectos directos letales en esta araña, pero es el primer informe en la literatura sobre los efectos subletales de este herbicida en los atributos biológicos de la araña.
Se observaron efectos negativos sobre:
·         consumo de presas
·         construcción de telas
·         fecundidad
·         fertilidad
·         tiempo de desarrollo de la progenie
Aunque los efectos subletales han recibido menos atención que los efectos letales directos, son relevantes desde el punto de vista ecológico, ya que la reducción del rendimiento de los artrópodos puede crear riesgos para la conservación de la biodiversidad de artrópodos en los agroecosistemas.

Recomendaciones para tratar a las arañas en los cultivos y los agricultores

Un aspecto de suma importancia para la conservación de la diversidad de las arañas en los agroecosistemas está relacionado con la forma en cómo los agricultores pueden favorecer la variedad vegetal dentro y alrededor de los cultivos. Por ejemplo, pueden mantener una mayor diversidad vegetal dentro y alrededor de los cultivos para generar más sitios que puedan ser colonizados por las arañas y como consecuencia, incrementar su número de especies e individuos. Esta diversidad vegetal se puede lograr a través de policultivos, los cuales son sistemas que producen simultáneamente cultivos de diferentes productos en una misma zona; o también, esto se puede lograr si se mantienen remanentes de vegetación nativa aledaños a los cultivos que permitan el movimiento entre ambientes, tanto de las poblaciones de arañas, como de otras especies de las cuales se alimentan.

Desde una mirada agroecológica y desde el conocimiento biológico de este grupo de depredadores, es importante considerar algunas recomendaciones que pueden ayudar a favorecer comunidades de arañas saludables en los cultivos, disminuyendo costos y fomentando una agricultura de procesos biológicos:
·         Evitar el uso desmedido de pesticidas.
·         Tener en cuenta que las arañas no son plagas, aunque pueden
alcanzar grandes densidades dentro de los cultivos.
·         Evitar simplificar los sistemas con monocultivos.
·         Tener cerca de los cultivos hábitats propicios como montes, bosques, pastizales y vegetación ribereña.

FUENTE

“Effects of the herbicide glyphosate on biological attributes of Alpaida veniliae (Araneae, Araneidae), in laboratory.” M.A.Benamú, M.I.Schneider, N.E.Sánchez. Chemosphere, Volume 78, Issue 7, February 2010, Pages 871-876

“Arañas: tejiendo un eslabón crucial para el equilibrio de los agroecosistemas”. Luis Guillermo Quijano-Cuervo, Luis Eduardo Robledo-Ospina, Luis Fernando García Hernández y Federico Escobar Sarria. Vol. 22, Núm. 3, mayo-junio 2021 Revista Digital Universitaria


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