Por Ings. Agrs. Martín Zamora, Agustín Barbera y Alejandro Hansson
La agroecología es una disciplina científica que define, clasifica y estudia los sistemas agrícolas desde una perspectiva más ecológica y socioeconómica. Va más allá de un punto de vista unidimensional de los agroecosistemas y en lugar de centrar su atención en lo particular, enfatiza las interrelaciones entre sus componentes y la dinámica compleja de los procesos ecológicos.
Este nuevo enfoque aplicado al desarrollo agrícola es más sensible a las complejidades de las agriculturas locales, al ampliar los objetivos y criterios agrícolas, para abarcar la sustentabilidad, seguridad alimentaria, estabilidad biológica, conservación de los recursos y equidad sin descuidar la necesidad de una mayor producción de alimentos. Los enfoques agroecológicos son económicamente viables porque minimizan los costos de producción al aumentar la eficiencia del uso de los recursos localmente disponibles, son socialmente activadores ya que re- quieren un alto nivel de participación y para su puesta en práctica, necesitan de mano de obra.
Se considera que la producción de cultivos de base agroecológica debe asentarse en las siguientes premisas:
Ser suficientemente productiva.
Ser económicamente viable (a largo plazo y contabilizando todos los costos).
Ser ecológicamente adecuada (que conserve la base de recursos naturales y que preserve la integridad del ambiente en el ámbito local, regional y global).
Ser Cultural y socialmente aceptable.
Más que prácticas son principios que los productores adaptan a sus necesidades y realidades. A diferencia del enfoque agro- nómico actual, basado en la difusión de paquetes uniformes de tecnologías, la agroecología se centra en principios vitales como la biodiversidad, el reciclaje de nutrientes, la cooperación e interacción entre los diversos cultivos, animales y suelo, ade- más de la regeneración y conservación de los recursos natura- les. Los propulsores de este enfoque parten de las técnicas y posibilidades de cada lugar y las adaptan a las condiciones agroecológicas y socioeconómicas.
Agroecología aplicada en sistemas extensivos
En los sistemas de producción extensivos, la utilización de los principios agroecológicos recupera la resiliencia del agroeco-sistema utilizando estrategias de manejo tales como el aumento del número de especies de plantas y la diversidad genética en el tiempo y el espacio, mejoramiento de la biodiversidad funcional (enemigos naturales, antagonistas, etc.), mejoramiento de la materia orgánica del suelo y la actividad biológica, aumento de la cobertura del suelo, utilización de cultivos con elevada habilidad competitiva, asociaciones de plantas con micro-organismos tales como micorrizas y fijadores simbióticos de nitrógeno y eliminación de insumos tóxicos. Por otra parte, la utilización de estos principios redundan en una mayor rentabilidad y estabilidad del sistema, que habitualmente se pierde en los sistemas que tienden al monocultivo, tal como es el caso de la agricultura industrial actual.
Extraido de INTA Agrobarrow 2017
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